Victimless Crime free essay sample

Harmless wrongdoing is characterized as an infringement of network norms or an illegal demonstration against an administration strategy or office (Wisegeek, 2009) yet, which neither straightforwardly hurts nor damages the privileges of a particular individual, albeit a few people may guarantee it hurts society all in all. Numerous individuals think about such goes about as alcoholic driving, prostitution, open tipsiness, helping somebody to bite the dust at their solicitation, utilizing drugs, desk violations, and premature birth to be harmless wrongdoings. They feel, like there are no individual casualties for these violations; nobody is being harmed or straightforwardly influenced, so there is no wrongdoing being submitted. In this paper, I will talk about the impacts that these wrongdoings have not just on the people that carry out the violations yet additionally the people that are influenced by these violations, and the reasons why I feel that there is nothing of the sort as a harmless wrongdoing. I feel that in each wrongdoing that is submitted, there is in any event one individual that will be influenced and turn into the survivor of the activities that were made by another individual, or even without anyone else or herself. We will compose a custom paper test on Harmless Crime or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For an individual to be seen as blameworthy and rebuffed for a wrongdoing, there must be a culprit and a casualty of the represent it to be viewed as a culpable offense. A few episodes that can be viewed as a wrongdoing would incorporate, however are not restricted to, assault, robbery, murder, burglary, and misuse. In these models, there is an unmistakable wrongdoing that was perpetrated just as an individual that carried out the wrongdoing and an individual or people that were influenced by the wrongdoing that was submitted. The issue with such violations that are viewed as harmless wrongdoings is that in numerous episodes, there is no irrefutable casualty, according to the law. I happen to differ with the possibility of there being harmless wrongdoings. I accept that there are casualties in every single wrongdoing that is submitted. A portion of the violations that are viewed as harmless, that I will talk about incorporate alcoholic driving, prostitution, tranquilize misuse, and desk wrongdoings to incorporate tax avoidance. Numerous individuals feel that the wrongdoings recorded above are not real violations, however I feel in an unexpected way. On account of alcoholic driving, numerous individuals feel that it's anything but a wrongdoing until something different occurs, for example, a mishap or the demise of a blameless individual. It is a wrongdoing to drive alcoholic and there is consistently a casualty. In the event that there is a traveler in the vehicle, that individual turns into a casualty just as every other person that are out and about. There may not be a mishap however everybody that is out and about with that individual turns into a casualty because of the way that their life could reach a conclusion because of somebody wishing to drive inebriated. Prostitution is viewed as harmless, yet there are numerous survivors of this wrongdoing. In the event that a man chooses to pay for a whore and has sex with that prostitute, he is putting his family in danger of turning into the person in question. On the off chance that, by some coincidence, the whore has HIV or another STD, the man can return it to his companion and contaminate her; she currently turns into this survivor of his wrongdoing. On the off chance that the husband and mate become contaminated, the kids become casualties because of the decision that their dad made. On the off chance that it is the reverse way around, and the man has HIV or another STD, the whore and her family presently become the people in question. Melissa Farley, PhD of Prostitution Research Education, (2000) composes 78 percent of 55 ladies who looked for help from the Council for Prostitution Alternatives in 1991 revealed being assaulted a normal of 16 times each year by pimps, and were assaulted 33 times each year by johns, 62 percent detailed having been assaulted in prostitution, and 73 percent announced having encountered physical attack in prostitution. Cubicle violations are viewed as harmless wrongdoings because of the way that the cash isn't being from any one individual specifically. In professional violations, the cash is being taken from an enterprise, so nobody is in effect legitimately influenced. One case of this would be the ENRON outrage. This embarrassment influenced several individuals and made them casualties of their own partnership. In this embarrassment, numerous individuals in upper administration made a considerable amount of cash off the workers of the company, leaving them jobless and broke with no retirement. (Enron Scandal, 2008) Tax avoidance isn't viewed as large of a wrongdoing as bookkeeping misrepresentation as a result of the exposure that bookkeeping extortion gets in contrast with tax avoidance. The main occasions that you truly find out about tax avoidance is the point at which it incorporates large motion pictures stars or government authorities. Such individuals in the news recently would incorporate Wesley Snipes, Richard Pryor, Martha Stewart, Don King, and the most recent, Tom Daschle. Christopher M. Sigerson of the IRS, (2008) said all that needed to be said when he stated, â€Å"We ought not overlook that a definitive casualties in charge extortion cases are the individuals of the United States and the individuals who don't pay a considerable amount cheat their neighbors and their nation. † When individuals submit charge misrepresentation, the casualties are the remainder of the law-obeying residents that do cover their expenses, the â€Å"common† individuals. Medication misuse, another violations that is viewed as harmless, really has numerous casualties. Not just the abuser, who turns into a casualty to the compulsion, turns into a casualty in this wrongdoing. They become a casualty to the medication as their body gets dependant on the substance. Ongoing investigations have demonstrated that consistently in the United States there is an expected 320,000 children brought into the world dependent on some type of medications. Pull back will occur in 55 to 94 percent of all newborn children presented to heroin or different sedatives. (Dependent Babies, 2001-2006) These children become the people in question and afterward the infants must be given to the states and they become the â€Å"problem† of the state. The citizens need to pay for the consideration that the infants need, so it makes the expenses rise which causes the state and nation to become to casualties too. In the entirety of the occurrences that I talked about, there will never be only one casualty, there are consistently various. In these â€Å"victimless† wrongdoings, the casualties go from the guilty party themselves to loved ones of the wrongdoer, lastly the nation all in all. As Newton expressed numerous years prior, for each activity, there is an equivalent however inverse response. Obviously, this has to do with mystics, yet it very well may be applied to pretty much every part of life. http://www.bookrags.com/research/dependent children edaa-01/#gsc.tab=0 https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/259052/accessibility of-encarta-on the web and-portrayal of-support-alternatives http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/Myths%20%20Facts%20Legal%20%20Illegal%20ProstitutionMelissaFarley3-09.pdf https://www.justice.gov/file/ http://www.halexandria.org/dward267.htm

Gun-Control in Charlton Heston’s Is Freedom Lost on the Next Generation and Paul Craig Robert’s Unarmed and Unsafe :: Amendment Rights Essays Guns

Weapon Control in Charlton Heston’s Is Freedom Lost on the Next Generation and Paul Craig Robert’s Unarmed and Unsafe There are three different ways to move toward weapon control: first, it is the citizens’ sacred option to claim guns; second, guns kill - dispose of them; and third, to have no conclusion and not manage the issue. Whichever view individuals have on firearm control, they should initially comprehend the realities and insights of these issues. Charlton Heston’s â€Å"Is Freedom Lost on the Next Generation?† and Paul Craig Robert’s â€Å"Unarmed and Unsafe† both examination the rival side of firearm control with realities and rationale. In Heston’s â€Å"Is Freedom Lost on the Next Generation,† he expounds on how â€Å"we might be losing the up and coming age of Americans, as they lose a comprehension and energy about what the Second Amendment is and does† (Heston 1). Heston utilizes the insights from a June, 2000 national overview of 1,500 secondary school understudies to show that the youthful grown-ups of America don't have confidence in the Constitution or Bill of Rights. He reports that â€Å"64 percent of secondary school understudies favor stricter enemy of weapon laws, 90 percent favor the permitting of handgun purchasers, 96 percent said all handguns ought to be enrolled at buy, and 19 percent of secondary school understudies don't accept that the Second Amendment ensures the option to possess a firearm†(Heston 1). Heston solicits how safe any from America’s opportunities are if 20% of secondary school understudies accept that the Bill of Rights doesn't mean what it says? Secondary schools use to have rifle groups alongside soccer and football crews, and now even toy weapons have the chance of being prohibited. He makes reference to that having the option to possess a firearm doesn't mean a thing if such a large number of necessities, charges and limitations for all intents and purposes leave Americans incapacitated. Heston claims that being permitted to possess, or even use, a gun is a developing encounter for youngsters. He additionally makes reference to that the trust that goes connected at the hip with the firearm accomplishes more than show the affirmation of self-restraint and obligation, it fortifies those excellencies better than nearly whatever else can. Heston contends that it is the American’s duty to keep up the privileges of firearm proprietorship and give the cutting edge the equivalent freedoms(Heston 1-2) . In â€Å"Unarmed and Unsafe,† Roberts affirms the adage â€Å"when firearms are banned, just fugitives will have guns†(Roberts 2) He starts his article with the impacts of late weapon control in Britain.

Looking Beyond The Sexes Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Looking Beyond The Sexes Essay, Research Paper A grown-up female gets pregnant, and her individual leaves her. In Karen Horney? s? The Distrust Between the Sexes? , she clarifies how a person? s mental history causes him/her to doubt individuals of the other gender in view of specific viewpoints they may hold. Longings for felicity, youth thoughts, and youth battles are everything that concoct these viewpoints. For one thing, individuals are craving for felicity, while puting their viewpoints at high. Horney areas, ? The entirety of our oblivious needs, conflicting in their tendency and spread excursion vastly on all sides, are sitting tight here for their satisfaction? ( 341 ) . Youngsters are raised to accept that associations with the other gender are their room access to bliss. Horney says, ? The companion should be solid, and at a similar clasp vulnerable, to run us and be ruled by us, to be plain and to be exotic? ( 341 ) . People groups anticipate that their life partners should be unreasonably numerous things, which will take them to disillusionment. We will compose a custom paper test on Looking Beyond The Sexes Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Horney territories, ? We take the extent of such overestimate for the progression of our adoration, while in world it basically communicates the size of our viewpoints? ( 341 ) . Society? s longing for felicity has such a significant number of standpoints of what love ought to be that, in the terminal, the sum total of what one has right? s viewpoints. Following, youth thoughts cause a specific figure of standpoints that are passed on by coevalss. Horney areas, ? Subsequently far, our examinations most likely have been neither new nor explicitly systematic and have every now and again been exceptional defined in the days gone by? ( 341 ) . Reflections that individuals have from their adolescence cut the person into what they are as an adult. Horney clarifies, ? The Eden of adolescence is most every now and again a similarity with which adults like to lead on themselves ? ( 341 ) . Grown-ups recall their youth as a phantasy and try to populate their lives around that phantasy. Horney says, ? We need only recall the limit that kids forces even in their extremely early mature ages, for energetic and regular sexual wants like those of adults but then not quite the same as them? ( 342 ) . Kids and adults are extremely extraordinary, yet on the off chance that an individual finds the comparability, it will help them for the duration of their lives. Last, youth battles give an individual certain viewpoints of how the other gender will deal with a person. Horney territories, ? Let us more distant assume that the last need was subdued because of tension from a blameworthy qualms ; so we have here the cardinal design for the development of particular sort of grown-up female who can't partner to the male since she fears that each male will induce her of wanting something from him? ( 343 ) . Kids have numerous battles, which influence bit of their adult lives. Horney clarifies, ? Or on the other hand by completely anticipating onto him her repressed needs, she will think about that each male essentially plans to work her, that he needs from her solitary sexual fulfillment, after which he will toss her? ( 343 ) . On the off chance that a person? s other gender harms them in any way, so individual will accept that the other gender will ever throb them. Horney areas, ? Or on the other hand permit us assume that a response development of excessive unobtrusiveness will camouflage the repressed push for power? ( 343 ) . Kids create at various ages ; henceforth, humility degrees are distinctive for the other gender. Doubt between the other genders is the outcome from mental history as a result of specific models and viewpoints individuals set for themselves as well as other people. Desires that add to the second thought between the genders are brought about by desires for felicity, youth considerations, and youth battles.

3D Face Modeling from Multi-Spectral Imaging - 825 Words

3D Face Modeling from Multi-Spectral Imaging (Research Proposal Sample) Content: 3D Face Modeling from Multi-Spectral ImagingNamesDepartmentUniversityCity, CountryAbstractThis research proposal intends to simulate a three dimension (3D) face modeling by merging multispectral imaging techniques with time of flight cameras (ToF) so as to come up with an effectual algorithmic scheme that will mold 3D meshes to automatically plan textures from images with the intent of coming up with an advanced recognition accuracy. This research equally exploits the diverse applications of such a model to forensic studies as well as medical field. A sensor system of three dimension multi-spectrum model combining diverse optical sensors and 3D depth sensor will be adequately presented in this paper. Diverse image sensors such as 3D and infrared (IR) sensors will be put into scrutiny. The accuracy of facial recognition has previously been altered by diverse facial expressions a subject may arrive at. Therefore, in order to diminish the above discrepancy; this paper i ntends to exhibit an extension to 3D face recognition algorithm. This will raise its efficiency for datasets from subjects comprising or not comprising a neutral facial appearance by up to 50 percent.IntroductionIn the current world, human face entails vital information, most natural as well as least invasive biometrics. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s worth stipulating that numerous institutions such as banking sector and airports check-ins have taken chances with biometric-based identifications and authentication measures in ensuring efficient and safety in delivering their mandates. Therefore, the relevance of this research proposal comes into play by introducing such a model into realizing recognition accuracy. Studies have provided how facial expressions have hindered smooth performance of face recognition systems to such a level that some states currently prompts the subjects requesting for passports to pose with normal expression. This proposal intends to eliminate this hindrance courtesy o f the proposed model which intends to attain extremely high verification rates despite of any present facial expressions.[S. HÃÆ'usken,et al, Strategies and benefits of fusion of 2d and 3d face recognition," technical report, Viisage Technology AG, 2005.] Practically, images from different cameras are used to restructure the entire 3D face geometry of the individual (subject), unto which the data from the infrared camera is plotted to. Having reviewed previous literature on this area of study, this paper intends to come up with a brand similarity metric which raises the efficiency and toughness of our model with respect to facial expressions. This model intends to exhibit better results on datasets as compared to the existing models with respect to presence of facial expressions. However this remains valid as long as only 3D data is employed. The research paper will be categorized into several sections namely review of previous literature, methodology of our proposed model, results of the model, and finally the implications and applications.Review of previous literature * Face recognitionThis paper intends to cover only the recent studies in this field. Milan et al illustrates coefficient of linear correlation by use of tensor depiction for 3D faces. Nevertheless, the shown results portray only 85% rank-1 recognition with respect to 277 subjects on the database. Another study by Buciu and Nafornita depicts on the disadvantages of using 2D images in recognition and identification of subjects, such as illumination changes. The proposed model intends to counter this hindrance by merging multispectral imaging techniques with time of flight cameras (ToF) so as to come up with an effectual algorithmic scheme that will mold 3D meshes to automatically plan textures from images with the intent of coming up with an advanced recognition accuracy. Another study by Tan and Briggs had a model of a local ternary pattern (LTP) which acted an improved model for the LBP. Thi s model comprised of high sensitivity and illumination within the region of the captured image. This aided in normalizing facial and pose expressions that would otherwise vary on thermal-IR images.[Milan,A Bennamoun,M and Owens,R, Matching tensors for pose invariant automatic 3d face recogni-tion," in Proc. IEEE Workshop on Advanced 3D Imaging for Safety and Security, (San Diego, CA), 2005.] [Buciu, I.Nafornita, I Non-negative matrix factorization methods for face recognition underextreme lighting variations. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems, (ISSCS 2009), Iasi, Rumania, 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬10 July 2009; pp. 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬4.] [Tan,X Triggs, B, Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions. Trans. Image Process. 2010, 19, 1635à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬1650.] MethodologyThis project proposal intends to use the following summarized criteria in coming up with a successful 3D Face Modeling...

Cognitvie Development - 1150 Words

Cognitive Development in Children Elteen Herman Sinte Gleska University PY 100 General Psychology Haelee Engel December 12, 2012 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Cognitive Development What is Cognitive Development? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Piaget’s Theory on Learning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. How Cognitive learning can differ through cultures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Cognitive Teaching Identifying children who may have a learning disability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ What parents and teacher can do to promote cognitive learning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ References Introduction In this paper you will read about what is cognitive learning and how does a child learn to think and develop through their early years. What are Jean Piaget’s stages†¦show more content†¦The third stage in Piaget’s theory is the concrete operational stage and illustrates logical thought processes. The concrete operational stage is often the period of a child’s development when he understands concepts of fairness, sharing, empathy and compassion for another person’s plight. The fourth and final stage is the phase where children entering puberty begin to think abstractly and create meaning from available data. This critical stage is responsible for creating global problem solvers and creative thinkers who can analyze a situation and not be confined by concrete ideas or previously accepted logic.(www.lifescript.com) How Cognitive development can differ through culture Identifying children who may have a learning disability Identifying and taking action when you may suspect a child with a learning disability can be essential to a child’s later years in school. Nearly four out of ten fourth graders in our country read below basic level and three out of those four will never improve without effective intervention. In high school 26.7% of the students with a learning disability dropped out of school prior to graduation and another 16% exited school for â€Å"unknown† reasons without a diploma. These are same bright children who sang the alphabet song before kindergarten. Now, however, they will most certainly not

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 947 Words

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare portrays the suspenseful story of two star-crossed lovers. A family feud between the Montague family, Romeo’s side, and the Capulet’s side, Juliet’s side, forbids them to be together when they meet one faithful night. Shakespeare uses an abundance of literary devices to show the theme of love only leads to death and sorrow. He uses similes, oxymora, and foreshadowing. He expresses these three devices through the characters and especially the love between the star-crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare expresses his literary devices through the dialogue between the characters. The dialogue is shared between the main characters to help contrast with the theme. Shakespeare uses similes in his work of Romeo and Juliet. His similes have certain meanings to them depending on what is happening. An example would be Romeo talking about love early in the play. â€Å"Is love a tender thing? ... it pricks like a thorn† (I.iv.26-27). Romeo is expressing that the love him and Juliet share is tender, but painful because it is forbidden. He makes this comment of love being like a thorn because love pricking like a thorn is true to him. He loves Juliet, but his love for her is forbidden because of their family feud. This simile refers back to the theme because their love for each other is tender but painful. They know that they are not supposed to be together and this shows how the love is painful and full of sorrow. Another example ofShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare occupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows t he so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet967 Words   |  4 Pagesof ‘Romeo and Juliet’ written by William Shakespeare. Shakespearean time was between the middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution and it was branded by religious changes. William Shakespeare is widely known as the greatest dramatist of all time. Born April 1564, Shakespeare’s play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is no doubt one of his most famous pieces. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was first published in 1597 and its tragic story of banned love still captures the creativity of its audience today. ‘Romeo and Juliet’, although William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 947 Words The play Romeo and Juliet took place in Verona and Mantua, cities in Northern Italy. The play was set to take place in 1300’s during the Renaissance Italy. The important characters in the play were Romeo, the son and heir of Montague and Lady Montague. Juliet, the daughter of Capulet and Lady Capulet. Friar Lawrence, a Franciscan friar, friend to both Romeo and Juliet. Mercutio, a kinsman to the Prince, and Romeo’s close friend. The Nurse, Juliet’s nurse, the woman who breast-fed Juliet when she was a baby and has cared for Juliet her entire life. Tybalt, a Capulet, Juliet’s cousin on her mother’s side. And of course both the Capulet and the Montague. There is an ongoing feud between the Montague and Capulet families. The two family are always fighting and causing expensive damages to the city. The Capulet threw a huge party in which Romeo was invited to. He then met Juliet at this said party. They kissed. Romeo fell in love with her and s he felt the same way. Romeo eventually finds out that Juliet is a Capulet. Juliet is similarly distraught when she finds out that Romeo is a Montague. Romeo and Juliet planned to meet at Friar Lawrence’s chapel in order to get married. Tybalt demands to know where Romeo is so that he can challenge him to a duel, in order to punish him for sneaking into the party. Mercutio is eloquently vague, but Romeo happens to arrive in the middle of the verbal sparring. Tybalt challenges him, but Romeo passively resists fighting, atShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Physics Worksheet Essay Example For Students

Physics Worksheet Essay Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see the objects in the room? Can you see the objects outside the room? Explain your answer Q. Write the two laws of reflection. Q. Write two differences between diffused and regular reflection. Q. Write whether in each case diffused or regular reflection takes place. A) Wood b) Polished surface c) Mirror d) Marble surface e) Chalk powder Q. What is the angle of reflection if the angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray is 90? Q. Give one word for the following: 1. The invisible energy which causes in use the sensation of vision. 2. The ray of light which travels towards a mirror. 3. A line which is drawn at right angles to the mirror surface at the point of incidence. 4. Name one type of mirror which always forms virtual image. 5. What type of image is formed on the cinema screen? 6. Which cells on the retina respond to the intensity of light? 7. The part of the eye which preserves its shape and protects it from external injuries. 8. The phenomenon due to which we can Judge depth. The most sensitive part of the retina. Q. Fill in the blanks : 1. The point at which the incident ray falls on the mirror is called 2. If a ray of light is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of 300, its angle of reflection is and

Time and Stress Management Essay Example For Students

Time and Stress Management Essay Do you feel a constant pressure to achieve? Do you feel you havent done enough no matter how hard you try? Do you give up the simple pleasures in life in order to be the best in everything you do? Do you just feel like there is not enough hours in the day to accomplish everything? Im sure quite a few of you have experienced these feeling, whether it be at work, home, or school. Stress and worry can be dangerous and harmful. They can cause emotional and even physical problems that could very easily damage both your health and performance. Stress has become an epidemic in the workplace. Studies suggest that 90 percent of all doctors visits are related in some way to stress. We will write a custom essay on Time and Stress Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the main causes for stress and worry is lack of time management skills. Today, I would like to speak to you about Time and Stress Management Essay, and ways that you can improve your everyday life with just a few simple tips. With all the information out there on how to manage your time and stress it may be difficult to know where to start. Weve all heard the typical advice: Exercise, Eat right, Get organized, Spend more time with your family, spend more time with yourself. All this can easily get confusing and some times even contradictory. Some people end up getting even more stressed out just trying to figure out what to do. Here are a few tips suggested by Gregory Smith, writer for The Small Business Journal, that I believe could work towards your advantage. 1. Handle it now. Spend 20 seconds filing that important paper now rather than 30 minutes searching for it later. Take a moment to jot down that phone number on your permanent list instead of spending ten minutes tracking it down again later. 2. Prioritize. Feeling overwhelmed by all you have to do? Stop and think: which item absolutely must be completed today? This does not include items youd like to get done today, but only the item(s) that have to be completed today. 3. Be realistic. One way to set yourself up for a stressful situation is to plan an unrealistic amount of work for a particular time period. Use your common sense to recognize when you have over scheduled yourself. 4. Delegate. A person who refuses to delegate will very likely be a very busy and frustrated person. 5. Schedule time for you. Schedule a personal time appointment on your calendar each day. If someone wants to see you at that time, just say, Im sorry, I have an appointment then. Whether you use this for personal reflection or as a few quiet minutes to catch your breath or simply time to think, its a legitimate use of time. And you will still get as much, if not more, done. 6. Make lists. Making a list can be a legitimate time manager. Keep a pad handy to jot down projects as they arise, items that come to mind to do later. At the end of the day or week, whichever is best for you, mark off the items handled; then, make a fresh list and prioritize the remaining items. This should take about 15 minutes each day. It can help you avoid that familiar sinking feeling when you realize you forgot something important and also help you feel on top of things on a daily basis while freeing your mind to concentrate on the job at hand. 7. Consider when your energy level peaks. Do you hit your highest energy level at 10am or mid-afternoon? Schedule your biggest project for your peak energy period. 8. Verify appointments before you go. Take a minute to call and verify the appointment and time before you leave the office. 9. E-mail. .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f , .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .postImageUrl , .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f , .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f:hover , .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f:visited , .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f:active { border:0!important; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f:active , .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ebe60468a0d6edc7279940b60ae965f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Foreshadowing in To Build a Fire London To Build a Essay E-mail creates another time management problem. Answer E-mail immediately. Dont read it and then let it pile up in your in-box. Keep your inbox clutter free. Create a keeper folder and transfer the e-mail you want to keep for later. Create another folder for Actions pending. Respect other peoples time and avoid forwarding all those stories people love to send you. Delete junk E-mail without reading it. Learn to use your filters .

10 Famous Sonnet Examples, Explained

10 Famous Sonnet Examples, Explained SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You've probably heard about sonnets in your English class, so you already know that sonnets are an important poetic form. But it can be tough to understand what they're saying! The good news is that everyone can learn to understand poetry. It just takes practice! That's why we've picked the top 10 famous sonnets of all time and explained them. Reading the sonnet alongside an expert explanation will help you not only understand what the sonnet's about, but it will help you test your own analytical skills, too. To help you master the sonnet, our guide is going to do the following: Define the term â€Å"sonnet† List and analyze the top ten sonnets of all time List our top five resources for learning more about sonnets Now, without further delay, let’s check out some sonnets and sonnet examples! What Is a Sonnet? A sonnet is a type of poem that is comprised of fourteen lines of verse that follow a specific rhyme scheme, depending on the type of sonnet. The word â€Å"sonnet† comes from the Italian word sonetto. And what does it mean? Literally, â€Å"little song.† Since sonnets follow a strict rhyme scheme, they can definitely sound melodic when read aloud. The different origins of the sonnet in Italy and England resulted in the creation of different rhyme schemes, topics, and themes of sonnets. However, any sonnet, no matter the type, is going to have the following: 14 lines A particular rhyme scheme Iambic pentameter For more information, be sure to check out this article that talks about the elements of a sonnet in more detail. (It also explains the different types of sonnets, too!) The 10 Most Famous Sonnets of All Time, Explained To understand sonnets better, it helps to look at examples. And guess what? That’s what we’re going to do! We’ve chosen the top 10 sonnets of all time. For each poem, we’re going to give you background info on each sonnet, identify the type of each sonnet example, and briefly analyze the poem. The first five in our list are Shakespearean sonnet examples, and the last five in our list of sonnet examples touch on the different types of sonnets, including Spencerian, Modern English, Miltonic, and Italian/Petrarchan sonnet examples. And, remember: interpretations of the meaning of literary works are always somewhat subjective, so feel free to add your own analyses or research to our readings of these top 10 sonnet examples too! #1: My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun, by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet) My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;Coral is far more red than her lips' red;If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.I have seen roses damasked, red and white,But no such roses see I in her cheeks;And in some perfumes is there more delightThan in the breath that from my mistress reeks.I love to hear her speak, yet well I knowThat music hath a far more pleasing sound;I grant I never saw a goddess go;My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare. Here’s the first Shakespearean sonnet on our list- and it’s one of Shakespeare’s most famous. Like many sonnets, this one praises the appearance of the poet’s lady love..but with a unique twist. Specifically, the poet is comparing his mistress’s appearance to the things we often find beautiful in nature: bright, red coral, white snow, red and white roses. But, the poet isn’t making these comparisons in a complementary way. In fact, he’s claiming that his mistress’s beauty is nothing like the bright sun, the red rose, and the white snow! What’s the deal with that?! But then the volta happens in the couplet. In a sonnet, a volta is the turn, or the moment where the poet shifts his topic. In a sonnet, this is usually the moment where the poet answers the question he poses in the earlier verses! Let's take a look at how the volta works in this poem. In the three quatrains, the poet sticks to that theme: his lady love’s beauty pales in comparison to the natural beauties he observes around him. When we get to the couplet, however, the tone shifts abruptly with the use of the phrase, â€Å"And yet.† Even though his mistress’s eyes don’t shine like the sun and her lips aren’t as red as a rose, the poet still finds her rare and beautiful anyway. So why does the poet describe his mistress like this? It seems kind of rude to bring up all the ways that her beauty doesn’t live up to the vividness of nature. But Shakespeare’s point in this sonnet isn’t really about his mistress at all: it’s a satire about the false, idealized image of feminine beauty often portrayed in sonnets during the Elizabethan Era. Shakespeare is basically making fun of this tendency to use the sonnet to laud an impossible and unattainable image of feminine beauty by painting a realistic picture of his mistress and emphasizing that he loves her the way that she is. (It’s the modern equivalent of loving someone with #nofilter.) #2: "Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers’ Day?"by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet) Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Unlike our first example, this sonnet keeps with the traditional theme of comparing the beauty of the poet’s love interest to the beautiful aspects of nature. This sonnet seems to take a more traditional approach to comparing â€Å"thee†- likely the poet’s love interest- to the pleasant aspects of nature than the first sonnet in our list. This time, the poet’s love interest even more lovely than a summer’s day! But the poet is talking about more here than simply his love interest’s looks: he’s talking about her youth. Here’s how we know that: the poet mentions how summer is too short, how nature changes course, and how that which is â€Å"fair† declines as time passes. The poet is talking about how, as time passes, we grow old! If you want to think about youth and age in terms of seasons like the poet does, you could associate youth with summer, and aging with the transition into fall and winter as the earth grows cold and the leaves fall from the trees. And that’s exactly what happens to the poet’s love interest over the course of the poem. But! At the beginning of the third quatrain, the poet makes use of a volta: â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade.† In the second section of the sonnet, the poet associates his love interest’s youthfulness with more than just age and appearance. These things, the poet seems to say, can transcend the passing of time because they are a way of being, rather than a way of looking. Don’t worry: it made us say â€Å"awww,† too. #3: "That Time Of Year Thou Mayest In Me Behold"by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet) That time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.In me thou see'st the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,Which by and by black night doth take away,Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou see'st the glowing of such fireThat on the ashes of his youth doth lie,As the death-bed whereon it must expire,Consum'd with that which it was nourish'd by.This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong,To love that well which thou must leave ere long. This Shakespearean sonnet is addressed to a particular reader, called â€Å"the Fair Youth,† and also deals with the theme of old age. In this sonnet, the three quatrains each present a different metaphor for the poet’s experience with aging, signaled by the phrase, â€Å"In me thou see’st.† The first quatrain compares the poet’s aging to the death of autumn and nature’s transition into winter. The second quatrain compares the poet’s aging to the death of the daytime as the sun sets and night takes over. The third and final quatrain compares the poet’s aging to a slowly dying fire. As usual, the shift, or volta, comes with the couplet at the end of the sonnet. The poet claims that the Fair Youth can see this aging occurring when he looks upon the poet, but that witnessing the poet’s aging makes him love the poet even more in anticipation of the poet’s eventual death. Shakespeare’s use of the three metaphors build a strong connection between humans’ experience of aging and dying and the natural cycles of the universe. One way to read this is that aging and dying is a natural process- one that connects humans more deeply to the universe. And as a result, it’s important to value people while they’re still with us. The poem "If There Be Nothing New, But That Which Is" plays on the old adage, "There is nothing new under the sun." #4: "If There Be Nothing New, But That Which Is" by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet) If there be nothing new, but that which isHath been before, how are our brains beguil'd,Which, labouring for invention, bear amissThe second burthen of a former child!O, that record could with a backward look,Even of five hundred courses of the sun,Show me your image in some antique book,Since mind at first in character was done!That I might see what the old world could sayTo this composed wonder of your frame;Whether we are mended, or whe'r better they,Or whether revolution be the same.O! sure I am, the wits of former daysTo subjects worse have given admiring praise. The fourth Shakespearean sonnet on our list also comes from what is known as the Fair Youth Sequence of 1609- a sequence of 154 sonnets that chronicles the poet’s expressions of love towards a young man. This particular sonnet muses on the age-old idea that there is nothing new under the sun. That notion is adapted from the biblical book of Ecclesiastes, and it essentially claims that things in life happen cyclically. Shakespeare struggles to articulate worthy praise of the youth because the praise he would give to the youth has already been written in the past about others from history. His brain â€Å"labours for invention,† searching for words that would demonstrate how the youth is set apart from all these lesser beauties from the past. In fact, the poet argues that if the youth had lived in â€Å"the old world,† those around him would have failed to adequately describe the youth’s beauty and character. In the final couplet, the poet questions the judgment of all those from the past who lauded the beauty of others who came before (the â€Å"wits of former days†) because Shakespeare is confident that there is something new under the sun: the incomparable beauty of his love interest. #5: "Not Marble Nor the Gilded Monuments" by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet) Not marble nor the gilded monumentsOf princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme,But you shall shine more bright in these contentsThan unswept stone besmeared with sluttish time.When wasteful war shall statues overturn,And broils root out the work of masonry,Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burnThe living record of your memory.’Gainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth; your praise shall still find roomEven in the eyes of all posterityThat wear this world out to the ending doom.So, till the Judgement that yourself arise,You live in this, and dwell in lovers’ eyes. This sonnet deals with the theme of the passage of time and the lasting power of words. Writing again to the Fair Youth, Shakespeare describes how written words- like those in this poem!- are far more effective at preserving things as time passes than physical, human-built monuments. And, what, exactly, is the specific â€Å"thing† that his poem is preserving? It’s the image and memory of the youth, which is represented by the â€Å"you† he addresses throughout the poem. Shakespeare exaggerates his memory of the youth by juxtaposing it with descriptions of strong, durable human-made things that will crumble and decay over time. Marble, gilded monuments of princes, stone and statues, and the work of masonry will all fail to outlive the poet’s memory of the youth. In fact, because of the way that a poem can easily be passed down to future generations, Shakespeare’s praise of his beloved will live forever. #6: "How Do I Love Thee?" by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet) How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.I love thee to the depth and breadth and heightMy soul can reach, when feeling out of sightFor the ends of being and ideal grace.I love thee to the level of every day'sMost quiet need, by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for right.I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death. The last five sonnets on our list branch out into different poets and different types of sonnets. This sonnet is by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, an English poet of the Victorian Era, and is written in Petrarchan form. Published in 1850, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† is easily Barrett Browning’s most famous sonnet. In Barrett Browning’s poem, readers encounter something rare- a woman’s perspective on love. In the octave that comprises the first part of the poem, the speaker poses a question to her lover: â€Å"How do I love thee?†, then proceeds to count the many ways that she loves this person. In making her list of the ways that she loves this person, the speaker explores extremes and limits: she loves him to her soul’s full capacity, freely and purely. The volta occurs as the sestet begins, and the speaker turns to the past to draw upon more comparisons for her present love for her lover. In looking to the past, the speaker continues to rely on extremes to explain her love: the extreme passion one feels in moments of grief, the extreme purity of a child’s faith. The poem concludes with one final extreme: even after death, the speaker will continue loving her lover. She seems to imply that her love will be immortalized, made perfect in its endurance after death. #7: "Sonnet 75" from Edmund Spenser’s Amoretti (Spencerian Sonnet) One day I wrote her name upon the strand,But came the waves and washed it away:Again I write it with a second hand,But came the tide, and made my pains his prey.Vain man, said she, that doest in vain assay,A mortal thing so to immortalize,For I myself shall like to this decay,And eek my name be wiped out likewise.Not so, (quod I) let baser things deviseTo die in dust, but you shall live by fame:My verse, your virtues rare shall eternize,And in the heavens write your glorious name.Where whenas death shall all the world subdue,Our love shall live, and later life renew. Here’s an example of a Spenserian sonnet, which was originally published in 1595. The theme of this poem is similar to that of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Not Marble Nor the Gilded Monuments† because it is concerned with the idea of eternalizing the memory of the poet’s lover. (Are you starting to see ow sonnets often deal with common themes?) In the first quatrain, the poet chronicles his attempts to write his beloved’s name â€Å"upon the strand† (â€Å"strand† is just another word for the seashore), but finds it continually washed away by ocean tides. In the second quatrain, it appears that the beloved speaks to the poet, using both meanings of the word â€Å"vain† to tell the poet that only a vain man would continue making vain attempts to immortalize something that is mortal. She points out that she will eventually succumb to death...just like her name written in the sand. In the third quatrain, the poet speaks back to his beloved, telling her how he will defy death to eternalize her: through the fame his poetic verses will bring her. In fact, his poetry is going to do one better than writing her name in the sand. His poetry is going to be so exquisite that it will write her name in the heavens. This is another sonnet that praises the ability of poetry to transcend the death and decay that mortal bodies experience as time passes. "When I Consider How My Light Is Spent" is a Miltonic Sonnet about both literal blindness and the blindness of the soul. #8: "When I Consider How My Light is Spent" by John Milton (Miltonic Sonnet) When I consider how my light is spent,Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,And that one Talent which is death to hideLodged with me useless, though my Soul more bent To serve therewith my Maker, and presentMy true account, lest he returning chide; â€Å"Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?†I fondly ask. But patience, to prevent That murmur, soon replies, â€Å"God doth not needEither man’s work or his own gifts; who bestBear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speedAnd post o’er Land and Ocean without rest:They also serve who only stand and wait.† This is a Miltonic sonnet- which was originally published in 1673- is sometimes titled â€Å"On His Blindness† in reference to Milton’s experience of going blind. However, Milton’s use of the word â€Å"light† here might just mean his vision or perspective on life. In the octave- the first eight lines of the sonnet- Milton worries that he has â€Å"spent† the â€Å"light,† or vision and wisdom, in his life poorly. Milton’s reference to the â€Å"Talent† that is useless within him reinforces this worry. The mention of the â€Å"Talent† is a reference to a parable in the biblical book of Matthew 25, wherein a young man buries away resources he is given rather than sharing them with the world. Milton is worried that God will see that he has used the light that he was given unwisely and chastise him for it, which is exactly what happened to the young man in the parable. The sestet- the last six lines- answer Milton’s earlier question about whether he’s used his talents well. While Milton feels that maybe he would have better served his Maker through hard â€Å"day-labour,† â€Å"patience† speaks up and reassures him that God needs more than one kind of servant. In addition to those who work themselves to the bone in service to their Maker, God needs those who serve by standing and waiting. In the end, the poem argues that those who wait for God to lead them are true servants as well. #9: "What My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why" by Edna St. Vincent Millay (Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet) What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why,I have forgotten, and what arms have lainUnder my head till morning; but the rainIs full of ghosts tonight, that tap and sighUpon the glass and listen for reply,And in my heart there stirs a quiet painFor unremembered lads that not againWill turn to me at midnight with a cry.Thus in winter stands the lonely tree,Nor knows what birds have vanished one by one,Yet knows its boughs more silent than before:I cannot say what loves have come and gone,I only know that summer sang in meA little while, that in me sings no more. Edna St. Vincent Millay, a prolific poet of the early twentieth century, writes a Petrarchan sonnet here. â€Å"What My Lips Have Kissed† takes up the traditional theme of musing on lost loves. As a Petrarchan sonnet, the octave at the beginning embodies a tone of remembrance of the past loves, and when the turn comes with the final sestet, shifts into a tone of mourning. But unlike many traditional sonnets- like the ones we’ve looked at by Shakespeare and Spenser- Millay’s isn’t about praising the beauty and character of her past loves at all. She even admits that she forgot â€Å"what lips [her] lips have kissed† awhile ago. She can’t even remember where she kissed these men, or why she kissed them! Instead, Millay’s sonnet wistfully praises the memory of the way those past loves made her feel, putting a more modern spin on the sonnet’s traditional theme. Though she â€Å"cannot say what loves have come and gone,† again emphasizing that this sonnet isn’t really about the lovers themselves, she knows that â€Å"summer sang in [her]† for a short while during those loves. That feeling of summer in her heart is what she feels she has lost, and that is what she mourns and pays tribute to in this sonnet. A portrait of the poet Billy Collins.(David Shankbone/Flickr) #10: "Sonnet" by Billy Collins (Modern Sonnet) All we need is fourteen lines, well, thirteen now,and after this next one just a dozento launch a little ship on love's storm-tossed seas,then only ten more left like rows of beans.How easily it goes unless you get Elizabethanand insist the iambic bongos must be playedand rhymes positioned at the ends of lines,one for every station of the cross.But hang on here while we make the turninto the final six where all will be resolved,where longing and heartache will find an end,where Laura will tell Petrarch to put down his pen,take off those crazy medieval tights,blow out the lights, and come at last to bed. For our tenth and final sonnet in our list of sonnet poem examples, we have a more modern English sonnet by the contemporary American poet, Billy Collins. In this poem, which was published in 1999, Collins muses on the traditional form and structure of the sonnet! (It’s very meta.) His â€Å"Sonnet† reflects on what meaning we can derive from looking more closely at these features of the traditional sonnet. If you want a crash course in the traditional sonnet, Collins’ â€Å"Sonnet† could actually help with that. His poem identifies all of the elements of traditional sonnets: 14 lines, themes relating to love, iambic pentameter, strict rhyme schemes, the volta, and a resolution to the subject at the end of the sonnet. He even references the Elizabethan sonnet specifically and Petrarch himself! So what’s the point of writing a sonnet about a sonnet, anyway? It really just seems like Collins is trying to make sonnets accessible to the everyday reader! The traditional form of the sonnet, with all of its strict requirements about stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme schemes, can feel intimidating...especially if you’re asked to write one yourself. We might even call Collins’ breakdown of the sonnet playful. He’s showing that it’s okay for modern writers to play with the form of the sonnet in their own writing too. Our Top 5 Resources For Learning More About Sonnets Since sonnets are one of the most important literary forms of all time, there are a lot of resources out there that can help you learn more about sonnets! We’ve put together a list of our top five picks for resources that can expand your knowledge of sonnets. Our list includes online resources, a few books, and even a pop culture take on sonnets. And all of these resources include more sonnet poem examples than you could need. What the variety in this list really shows is that sonnets continue to fascinate people, and they remain culturally relevant to this day! The Poetry Foundation If self-directed, exploratory learning is your kind of thing, you might enjoy learning more about sonnets through the Poetry’s Foundation’s website. The Poetry Foundation is an independent literary organization whose primary goal is to give the public free access to all things related to poetry. With that in mind, you can use the Poetry Foundation’s website to read tons of sonnet poem examples, explore poets’ biographical profiles, peruse brief analytic articles, essays, and blog posts on sonnets, and even listen to audio recordings of readings of sonnets. We recommend getting started by using the website’s search bar to search â€Å"sonnet† and seeing where that leads. One thing to note: The Poetry Foundation isn’t just dedicated to sonnets, so there’s a lot going on there. But if you’re down for an adventure, The Poetry Foundation provides a great way to learn more about sonnets! Shakespeare’s Sonnets Anyone who’s looking for a deep-dive into the poets and sonnets of the Elizabethan Era should look no further than Shakespeare’s Sonnets, which is an online resource that provides full-text of all of Shakespeare’s sonnets with descriptive commentary. The site also includes many sonnet examples by other notable Elizabethan poets, particularly Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Michael Drayton, and Sir Thomas Wyatt. We like this resource for its consistency and simplicity: each sonnet has its own page, and each page follows the exact same structure. First is the full text of the sonnet, then a brief overview of the sonnet’s key themes, then a line-by-line explication of the entire sonnet. It’s easy to use, and if you need a kickstart on sonnet analysis, this resource could be your go-to. The Making of A Sonnet: A Norton Anthology If we could describe this resource on sonnets in one word, we’d go with â€Å"comprehensive.† (Norton Anthologies are often used as textbooks for high school and college-level courses for a reason, after all.) This anthology traces the history of sonnets across five hundred years, analyzing the major figures and events that have made the sonnet into what it is today. This anthology is full of valuable material, too, including 300 different sonnets. Another notable feature for any educators out there is the â€Å"Ten Questions for a Sonnet Workshop,† included in the anthology’s appendix, which are designed to spark conversations about reading, writing, and workshopping sonnets. Pop Sonnets: Shakespearean Spins On Your Favorite Songs This book is definitely a fun take on the sonnet. (Yes, books on sonnets can be fun, we promise!) Pop Sonnets features 100 classic pop songs reimagined as Shakespearean sonnets. The book has a great sense of humor, and it builds a bridge between traditional poetry and popular culture. If you’re looking for a non-traditional approach to thinking about famous sonnets, this resource is a winner. Pop Sonnets is a great inspirational resource for both students and educators, too. As a student, this book can help you figure out new, creative approaches to tackling class projects. And if you’re a teacher looking for engaging, innovative ways to teach sonnets to your students, Pop Sonnets is a fantastic companion. Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Retold Our last resource on sonnets gives another contemporary take on the traditional sonnet form. Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Retold rewrites Shakespeare’s entire series of sonnets using modern language, but keeps to the rhythm and rhyme schemes that make them so memorable. If you’re the kind of reader who wants to experience the magic of Shakespeare’s famous sonnets on your own, without having them over-explained but you struggle to understand the Elizabethan language, this book could be your entry point into understanding Shakespeare’s sonnets all on your own. Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Retold is another excellent educational resource for English teachers looking to make sonnets relatable for today’s students. The book is also super current- it was published in August 2018! What’s Next? Did you read the analyses above and...well, wonder how the heck to come up with an analysis yourself? Never fear: all it takes is making sure you have the right tools for the job. Here’s a list of the 31 literary devices you need to know (and a guide to the 9 literary elements that are present in every poem ever). If you’re not quite sure what a literary device is or how to use it, that’s okay! Here are some in-depth posts on imagery, assonance, point of view, and personification that define these important terms and show you how to find them in literature. When it comes to understanding poetry, it’s really helpful to see how others analyze poems. Luckily, we have great resources for you! Check out this post that walks you through a complete analysis of John Donne’s â€Å"Do not go gentle into that good night.† These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links PrepScholar may receive a commission. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Ashley Robinson About the Author Ashley Sufflà © Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams. 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Burj Khalifa in Dubai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Burj Khalifa in Dubai - Essay Example rtments range from residential, entertainment complex (comprising of 150 restaurants, Dubai fountains, ice-skating sink, and an aquarium), Dubai mall, Address hotel and palace (Christensen 17). Naming of this fascinating structure was after Abu Dhabi’s leader due to his immense contribution in bailing out Dubai from the then state’s debt (Christensen 17). The most intriguing aspects that have prompted Burj Khalifa surpass all other skyscrapers ever made by man up to date include historical account that led to its construction, the mall, the apartment and hotel as conveyed exhaustively in this study. Burj Khalifa, formerly known as Burj Dubai before its inauguration in 2010, was declared the tallest building in the world after defeating former record holder Taipei101. Burj Khalifa, which is named after the president of UAE who is also the emir of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahayan, is located near Dubai central business district. It is part of Downtown Dubai, a 490 acre under development (â€Å"BBC News†). The tower was constructed by Samsung engineering & Construction Company, it is the same company that is behind some reputable skyscrapers such as Taipei 101 and PETRONAS twin tower. Since its completion, Burj Khalifa has received many awards and recognitions. Apart from going to records as the tallest building ever constructed by man, Burj Khalifa has also garnered many world records in a short period. Some of its records include the highest observation deck and largest number of floors not forgetting its high-speed elevators. (â€Å"New york Times†). In September 2010, it was named the best project of the year. It was also honoured as the best tall building in October 2010. Construction of the building began in 2004 and completed in 2009 before officially being opened in 2010 by non-other than Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum being opened officially by, the sheikh of Dubai. (â€Å"Burj Khalifa†) It was during the building’s grand opening that sheikh

Answer the two thought experiments 'the direction of happiness' and Essay

Answer the two thought experiments 'the direction of happiness' and 'the experience machine'. Based on your answers to the thoug - Essay Example In his argument against hedonism, philosopher Robert Nozick used the thought experiments based on â€Å"the direction of happiness† and â€Å"the experience machine† as he attempted to answer this question. The notion of hedonism, which is manifested by the belief that pleasure should be the ultimate purpose of life, disregards the provisions of a meaningful life. By showing that there are more values to life than happiness, this paper will answer the two thought experiments and discuss what happiness is and whether a happy life is the same thing as a meaningful life. Nozick uses the model of a machine capable of giving people the experience of whatever their desires and pleasures are, which cannot be distinguished from those that can be experienced apart from such machines. People would have a choice to live inside the machine and experience all their pleasures or outside in a lower degree of pleasure. Under such circumstances, where hedonism would opine that the sole intrinsic value is pleasure, most people would choose to remain plugged in to the experience machine. That would show a preference of a more pleasant but less meaningful life than a less pleasant and more meaningful one. However, according to the concept of direction of happiness, the amount of happiness in different lives is exactly the same, only that one tends to slope upwards with increasing happiness while the other slopes downwards with declining happiness. Mistakenly, people would still choose the life with happiness that slopes upwards. It is a mistaken choice because people still care and are concerned about their connection with reality, and it is the factor that the experience machine lacks. People still want their experiences to develop from reality rather than fantasy even if both feel the same. From this, it can be said that what people ultimately seek in life are not merely feelings of pleasure, but also to be in a particular way. Feelings of happiness and pleasure ar e desirable but not enough. People would want to go beyond the simple experience of doing things and actually do them. Therefore, there are more values than happiness and experiences of doing things. The experiences of the experience machine only limit people to their own man-made realities that are constructed within the confines of their perceived important values. Although the experiences of reality may be simulated by the experience machine, no contact is made with deeper and meaningful reality. When one envisages an experience machine and then appreciate that they would not use it, they learn that there are other things that matter more than experiences. The definition of happiness provides that it must contain meaning, pleasure and engagement. The part of meaning is in reference to the contribution to a broader cause while pleasure comprises the part of feeling good. Although a happy life and meaningful life have overlapping aspects, they are fundamentally distinct and a happy life is not necessarily a meaningful one. Happiness may occur as either or both emotional and mental well-being that is characterized by pleasant and positive feelings, which have different meanings to different people because it is quite a subjective matter. It can be a spontaneous feeling caused by positive emotions and last for a moment, as well as a continuous one. The overlap between a happy and meaningful life is mainly manifested by the fact that meaningfulness is among the causal factors

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Essay Example for Free

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Essay James Fenimore Cooper (Photo courtesy Library of Congress) The hard-fought American Revolution against Britain (1775-1783) was the first modern war of liberation against a colonial power. The triumph of American independence seemed to many at the time a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Military victory fanned nationalistic hopes for a great new literature. Yet with the exception of outstanding political writing, few works of note appeared during or soon after the Revolution. American books were harshly reviewed in England. Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. The search for a native literature became a national obsession. As one American magazine editor wrote, around 1816, Dependence is a state of degradation fraught with disgrace, and to be dependent on a foreign mind for what we can ourselves produce is to add to the crime of indolence the weakness of stupidity. Cultural revolutions, unlike military revolutions, cannot be successfully imposed but must grow from the soil of shared experience. Revolutions are expressions of the heart of the people; they grow gradually out of new sensibilities and wealth of experience. It would take 50 years of accumulated history for America to earn its cultural independence and to produce the first great generation of American writers: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson. Americas literary independence was slowed by a lingering identification with England, an excessive imitation of English or classical literary models, and difficult economic and political conditions that hampered publishing. Revolutionary writers, despite their genuine patriotism, were of necessity self-conscious, and they could never find roots in their American sensibilities. Colonial writers of the revolutionary generation had been born English, had grown to maturity as English citizens, and had cultivated English modes of thought and English fashions in dress and behavior. Their parents and grandparents were English (or European), as were all their friends. Added to this, American awareness of literary fashion still lagged behind the English, and this time lag intensified American imitation. Fifty years after their fame in England, English neoclassic writers such as Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Oliver Goldsmith, and Samuel Johnson were still eagerly imitated in America. Moreover, the heady challenges of building a new nation attracted talented and educated people to politics, law, and diplomacy. These pursuits brought honor, glory, and financial security. Writing, on the other hand, did not pay. Early American writers, now separated from England, effectively had no modern publishers, no audience, and no adequate legal protection. Editorial assistance, distribution, and publicity were rudimentary. Until 1825, most American authors paid printers to publish their work. Obviously only the leisured and independently wealthy, like Washington Irving and the New York Knickerbocker group, or the group of Connecticut poets known as the Hartford Wits, could afford to indulge their interest in writing. The exception, Benjamin Franklin, though from a poor family, was a printer by trade and could publish his own work. Charles Brockden Brown was more typical. The author of several interesting Gothic romances, Brown was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. But his short life ended in poverty. The lack of an audience was another problem. The small cultivated audience in America wanted well-known European authors, partly out of the exaggerated respect with which former colonies regarded their previous rulers. This preference for English works was not entirely unreasonable, considering the inferiority of American output, but it worsened the situation by depriving American authors of an audience. Only journalism offered financial remuneration, but the mass audience wanted light, undemanding verse and short topical essays not long or experimental work. The absence of adequate copyright laws was perhaps the clearest cause of literary stagnation. American printers pirating English best-sellers understandably were unwilling to pay an American author for unknown material. The unauthorized reprinting of foreign books was originally seen as a service to the colonies as well as a source of profit for printers like Franklin, who reprinted works of the classics and great European books to educate the American public. Printers everywhere in America followed his lead. There are notorious examples of pirating. Matthew Carey, an important American publisher, paid a London agent a sort of literary spy to send copies of unbound pages, or even proofs, to him in fast ships that could sail to America in a month. Careys men would sail out to meet the incoming ships in the harbor and speed the pirated books  into print using typesetters who divided the book into sections and worked in shifts around the clock. Such a pirated English book could be reprinted in a day and placed on the shelves for sale in American bookstores almost as fast as in England. Because imported authorized editions were more expensive and could not compete with pirated ones, the copyright situation damaged foreign authors such as Sir Walter Scott and Charles Dickens, along with American authors. But at least the foreign authors had already been paid by their original publishers and were already well known. Americans such as James Fenimore Cooper not only failed to receive adequate payment, but they had to suffer seeing their works pirated under their noses. Coopers first successful book, The Spy (1821), was pirated by four different printers within a month of its appearance. Ironically, the copyright law of 1790, which allowed pirating, was nationalistic in intent. Drafted by Noah Webster, the great lexicographer who later compiled an American dictionary, the law protected only the work of American authors; it was felt that English writers should look out for themselves. Bad as the law was, none of the early publishers were willing to have it changed because it proved profitable for them. Piracy starved the first generation of revolutionary American writers; not surprisingly, the generation after them produced even less work of merit. The high point of piracy, in 1815, corresponds with the low point of American writing. Nevertheless, the cheap and plentiful supply of pirated foreign books and classics in the first 50 years of the new country did educate Americans, including the first great writers, who began to make their appearance around 1825. THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Benjamin Franklin, whom the Scottish philosopher David Hume called Americas first great man of letters, embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality. Practical yet idealistic, hard-working and enormously successful, Franklin recorded his early life in his famous Autobiography. Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize. Franklin was a second-generation immigrant. His Puritan father, a chandler (candle-maker), came to Boston, Massachusetts, from England in 1683. In many ways Franklins life illustrates the impact of the Enlightenment on a gifted individual. Self-educated but well-read in John Locke, Lord Shaftesbury, Joseph Addison, and other Enlightenment writers, Franklin learned from them to apply reason to his own life and to break with tradition in particular the old-fashioned Puritan tradition when it threatened to smother his ideals. While a youth, Franklin taught himself languages, read widely, and practiced writing for the public. When he moved from Boston to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin already had the kind of education associated with the upper classes. He also had the Puritan capacity for hard, careful work, constant self-scrutiny, and the desire to better himself. These qualities steadily propelled him to wealth, respectability, and honor. Never selfish, Franklin tried to help other ordinary people become successful by sharing his insights and initiating a characteristically American genre the self-help book. Franklins Poor Richards Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort the reader in pithy, memorable sayings. In The Way to Wealth, which originally appeared in the Almanack, Father Abraham, a plain clean old Man, with white Locks, quotes Poor Richard at length. A Word to the Wise is enough, he says. God helps them that help themselves. Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Poor Richard is a psychologist (Industry pays Debts, while Despair encreaseth them), and he always counsels hard work (Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck). Do not be lazy, he advises, for One To-day is worth two tomorrow. Sometimes he creates anecdotes to illustrate his points: A little Neglect may breed great Mischief. For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail. Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point: What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children. A small leak will sink a great Ship. Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them. Franklins Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self- improvement. Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation. A pragmatic scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject. To establish good habits, Franklin invented a reusable calendrical record book in which he worked on one virtue each week, recording each lapse with a black spot. His theory prefigures psychological behaviorism, while his systematic method of notation anticipates modern behavior modification. The project of self-improvement blends the Enlightenment belief in perfectibility with the Puritan habit of moral self-scrutiny. Franklin saw early that writing could best advance his ideas, and he therefore deliberately perfected his supple prose style, not as an end in itself but as a tool. Write with the learned. Pronounce with the vulgar, he advised. A scientist, he followed the Royal (scientific) Societys 1667 advice to use a close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness, bringing all things as near the mathematical plainness as they can. Despite his prosperity and fame, Franklin never lost his democratic sensibility, and he was an important figure at the 1787 convention at which the U. S. Constitution was drafted. In his later years, he was president of an antislavery association. One of his last efforts was to promote universal public education. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813) Another Enlightenment figure is Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, whose Letters from an American Farmer (1782) gave Europeans a glowing idea of opportunities for peace, wealth, and pride in America. Neither an American nor a farmer, but a French aristocrat who owned a plantation outside New York City before the Revolution, Crevecoeur enthusiastically praised the colonies for their industry, tolerance, and growing prosperity in 12 letters that depict America as an agrarian paradise a vision that would inspire Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and many other writers up to the present. Crevecoeur was the earliest European to develop a considered view of America and the new American character. The first to exploit the melting pot image of America, in a famous passage he asks: What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause changes in the world. THE POLITICAL PAMPHLET: Thomas Paine (1737-1809) The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Over 2,000 pamphlets were published during the Revolution. The pamphlets thrilled patriots and threatened loyalists; they filled the role of drama, as they were often read aloud in public to excite audiences. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps; British Loyalists threw them into public bonfires. Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense sold over 100,000 copies in the first three months of its publication. It is still rousing today. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind, Paine wrote, voicing the idea of American exceptionalism still strong in the United States that in some fundamental sense, since America is a democratic experiment and a country theoretically open to all immigrants, the fate of America foreshadows the fate of humanity at large. Political writings in a democracy had to be clear to appeal to the voters. And to have informed voters, universal education was promoted by many of the founding fathers. One indication of the vigorous, if simple, literary life was the proliferation of newspapers. More newspapers were read in America during the Revolution than anywhere else in the world. Immigration also mandated a simple style. Clarity was vital to a newcomer, for whom English might be a second language. Thomas Jeffersons original draft of the Declaration of Independence is clear and logical, but his committees modifications made it even simpler. The Federalist Papers, written in support of the Constitution, are also lucid, logical arguments, suitable for debate in a democratic nation. NEOCLASSISM: EPIC, MOCK EPIC, AND SATIRE Unfortunately, literary writing was not as simple and direct as political writing. When trying to write poetry, most educated authors stumbled into the pitfall of elegant neoclassicism. The epic, in particular, exercised a fatal attraction. American literary patriots felt sure that the great American Revolution naturally would find expression in the epic a long, dramatic narrative poem in elevated language, celebrating the feats of a legendary hero. Many writers tried but none succeeded. Timothy Dwight (1752-1817), one of the group of writers known as the Hartford Wits, is an example. Dwight, who eventually became the president of Yale University, based his epic, The Conquest of Canaan (1785), on the Biblical story of Joshuas struggle to enter the Promised Land. Dwight cast General Washington, commander of the American army and later the first president of the United States, as Joshua in his allegory and borrowed the couplet form that Alexander Pope used to translate Homer. Dwights epic was as boring as it was ambitious. English critics demolished it; even Dwights friends, such as John Trumbull (1750-1831), remained unenthusiastic. So much thunder and lightning raged in the melodramatic battle scenes that Trumbull proposed that the epic be provided with lightning rods. Not surprisingly, satirical poetry fared much better than serious verse. The mock epic genre encouraged American poets to use their natural voices and did not lure them into a bog of pretentious and predictable patriotic sentiments and faceless conventional poetic epithets out of the Greek poet Homer and the Roman poet Virgil by way of the English poets. In mock epics like John Trumbulls good-humored MFingal (1776-82), stylized emotions and conventional turns of phrase are ammunition for good satire, and the bombastic oratory of the revolution is itself ridiculed. Modeled on the British poet Samuel Butlers Hudibras, the mock epic derides a Tory, MFingal. It is often pithy, as when noting of condemned criminals facing hanging: No man eer felt the halter draw With good opinion of the law. MFingal went into over 30 editions, was reprinted for a half-century, and was appreciated in England as well as America. Satire appealed to Revolutionary audiences partly because it contained social comment and criticism, and political topics and social problems were the main subjects of the day. The first American comedy to be performed, The Contrast (produced 1787) by Royall Tyler (1757-1826), humorously contrasts Colonel Manly, an American officer, with Dimple, who imitates English fashions. Naturally, Dimple is made to look ridiculous. The play introduces the first Yankee character, Jonathan. Another satirical work, the novel Modern Chivalry, published by Hugh Henry Brackenridge in installments from 1792 to 1815, memorably lampoons the excesses of the age. Brackenridge (1748- 1816), a Scottish immigrant raised on the American frontier, based his huge, picaresque novel on Don Quixote; it describes the misadventures of Captain Farrago and his stupid, brutal, yet appealingly human, servant Teague ORegan. POET OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: Philip Freneau (1752-1832). One poet, Philip Freneau, incorporated the new stirrings of European Romanticism and escaped the imitativeness and vague universality of the Hartford Wits. The key to both his success and his failure was his passionately democratic spirit combined with an inflexible temper. The Hartford Wits, all of them undoubted patriots, reflected the general cultural conservatism of the educated classes. Freneau set himself against this holdover of old Tory attitudes, complaining of the writings of an aristocratic, speculating faction at Hartford, in favor of monarchy and titular distinctions. Although Freneau received a fine education and was as well acquainted with the classics as any Hartford Wit, he embraced liberal and democratic causes. From a Huguenot (radical French Protestant) background, Freneau fought as a militiaman during the Revolutionary War. In 1780, he was captured and imprisoned in two British ships, where he almost died before his family managed to get him released. His poem The British Prison Ship is a bitter condemnation of the cruelties of the British, who wished to stain the world with gore. This piece and other revolutionary works, including Eutaw Springs, American Liberty, A Political Litany, A Midnight Consultation, and George the Thirds Soliloquy, brought him fame as the Poet of the American Revolution. Freneau edited a number of journals during his life, always mindful of the great cause of democracy. When Thomas Jefferson helped him establish the militant, anti-Federalist National Gazette in 1791, Freneau became the first powerful, crusading newspaper editor in America, and the literary predecessor of William Cullen Bryant, William Lloyd Garrison, and H.L. Mencken. As a poet and editor, Freneau adhered to his democratic ideals. His popular poems, published in newspapers for the average reader, regularly celebrated American subjects. The Virtue of Tobacco concerns the indigenous plant, a mainstay of the southern economy, while The Jug of Rum celebrates the alcoholic drink of the West Indies, a crucial commodity of early American trade and a major New World export. Common American characters lived in The Pilot of Hatteras, as well as in poems about quack doctors and bombastic evangelists. Freneau commanded a natural and colloquial style appropriate to a genuine democracy, but he could also rise to refined neoclassic lyricism in often-anthologized works such as The Wild Honeysuckle (1786), which evokes a sweet-smelling native shrub. Not until the American Renaissance that began in the 1820s would American poetry surpass the heights that Freneau had scaled 40 years earlier. Additional groundwork for later literary achievement was laid during the early years. Nationalism inspired publications in many fields, leading to a new appreciation of things American. Noah Webster (1758-1843) devised an American Dictionary, as well as an important reader and speller for the schools. His Spelling Book sold more than 100 million copies over the years. Updated Websters dictionaries are still standard today. The American Geography, by Jedidiah Morse, another landmark reference work, promoted knowledge of the vast and expanding American land itself. Some of the most interesting if nonliterary writings of the period are the journals of frontiersmen and explorers such as Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and  Zebulon Pike (1779-1813), who wrote accounts of expeditions across the Louisiana Territory, the vast portion of the North American continent that Thomas Jefferson purchased from Napoleon in 1803. WRITERS OF FICTION. The first important fiction writers widely recognized today, Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper, used American subjects, historical perspectives, themes of change, and nostalgic tones. They wrote in many prose genres, initiated new forms, and found new ways to make a living through literature. With them, American literature began to be read and appreciated in the United States and abroad. Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) Already mentioned as the first professional American writer, Charles Brockden Brown was inspired by the English writers Mrs. Radcliffe and English William Godwin. (Radcliffe was known for her terrifying Gothic novels; a novelist and social reformer, Godwin was the father of Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankenstein and married English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. ) Driven by poverty, Brown hastily penned four haunting novels in two years: Wieland (1798), Arthur Mervyn (1799), Ormond (1799), and Edgar Huntley (1799). In them, he developed the genre of American Gothic. The Gothic novel was a popular genre of the day featuring exotic and wild settings, disturbing psychological depth, and much suspense. Trappings included ruined castles or abbeys, ghosts, mysterious secrets, threatening figures, and solitary maidens who survive by their wits and spiritual strength. At their best, such novels offer tremendous suspense and hints of magic, along with profound explorations of the human soul in extremity. Critics suggest that Browns Gothic sensibility expresses deep anxieties about the inadequate social institutions of the new nation. Brown used distinctively American settings. A man of ideas, he dramatized scientific theories, developed a personal theory of fiction, and championed high literary standards despite personal poverty. Though flawed, his works are darkly powerful. Increasingly, he is seen as the precursor of romantic writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. He expresses subconscious fears that the outwardly optimistic Enlightenment period drove underground. Washington Irving (1789-1859). The youngest of 11 children born to a well-to-do New York merchant family, Washington Irving became a cultural and diplomatic ambassador to Europe, like Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Despite his talent, he probably would not have become a full-time professional writer, given the lack of financial rewards, if a series of fortuitous incidents had not thrust writing as a profession upon him. Through friends, he was able to publish his Sketch Book (1819-1820) simultaneously in England and America, obtaining copyrights and payment in both countries. The Sketch Book of Geoffrye Crayon (Irvings pseudonym) contains his two best remembered stories, Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Sketch aptly describes Irvings delicate, elegant, yet seemingly casual style, and crayon suggests his ability as a colorist or creator of rich, nuanced tones and emotional effects. In the Sketch Book, Irving transforms the Catskill Mountains along the Hudson River north of New York City into a fabulous, magical region. American readers gratefully accepted Irvings imagined history of the Catskills, despite the fact (unknown to them) that he had adapted his stories from a German source. Irving gave America something it badly needed in the brash, materialistic early years: an imaginative way of relating to the new land. No writer was as successful as Irving at humanizing the land, endowing it with a name and a face and a set of legends. The story of Rip Van Winkle, who slept for 20 years, waking to find the colonies had become independent, eventually became folklore. It was adapted for the stage, went into the oral tradition, and was gradually accepted as authentic American legend by generations of Americans. Irving discovered and helped satisfy the raw new nations sense of history. His numerous works may be seen as his devoted attempts to build the new nations soul by recreating history and giving it living, breathing, imaginative life. For subjects, he chose the most dramatic aspects of American history: the discovery of the New World, the first president and national hero, and the westward exploration. His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written by Diedrich Knickerbocker (hence the name of Irvings friends and New York writers of the day, the Knickerbocker School). James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) James Fenimore Cooper, like Irving, evoked a sense of the past and gave it a local habitation and a name. In Cooper, though, one finds the powerful myth of a golden age and the poignance of its loss. While Irving and other American writers before and after him scoured Europe in search of its legends, castles, and great themes, Cooper grasped the essential myth of America: that it was timeless, like the wilderness. American history was a trespass on the eternal; European history in America was a reenactment of the fall in the Garden of Eden. The cyclical realm of nature was glimpsed only in the act of destroying it: The wilderness disappeared in front of American eyes, vanishing before the oncoming pioneers like a mirage. This is Coopers basic tragic vision of the ironic destruction of the wilderness, the new Eden that had attracted the colonists in the first place. Personal experience enabled Cooper to write vividly of the transformation of the wilderness and of other subjects such as the sea and the clash of peoples from different cultures. The son of a Quaker family, he grew up on his fathers remote estate at Otsego Lake (now Cooperstown) in central New York State. Although this area was relatively peaceful during Coopers boyhood, it had once been the scene of an Indian massacre. Young Fenimore Cooper grew up in an almost feudal environment. His father, Judge Cooper, was a landowner and leader. Cooper saw frontiersmen and Indians at Otsego Lake as a boy; in later life, bold white settlers intruded on his land. Natty Bumppo, Coopers renowned literary character, embodies his vision of the frontiersman as a gentleman, a Jeffersonian natural aristocrat. Early in 1823, in The Pioneers, Cooper had begun to discover Bumppo. Natty is the first famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes. He is the idealized, upright individualist who is better than the society he protects. Poor and isolated, yet pure, he is a touchstone for ethical values and prefigures Herman Melvilles Billy Budd and Mark Twains Huck Finn. Based in part on the real life of American pioneer Daniel Boone who was a Quaker like Cooper Natty Bumppo, an outstanding woodsman like Boone, was a peaceful man adopted by an Indian tribe. Both Boone and the fictional Bumppo loved nature and freedom. They constantly kept moving west to escape the oncoming settlers they had guided into the wilderness, and they became legends in their own lifetimes. Natty is also chaste, high-minded, and deeply spiritual: He is the Christian knight of medieval romances transposed to the virgin forest and rocky soil of America. The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo. Coopers finest achievement, they constitute a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian tribes as characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804. Coopers novels portray the successive waves of the frontier settlement: the original wilderness inhabited by Indians; the arrival of the first whites as scouts, soldiers, traders, and frontiersmen; the coming of the poor, rough settler families; and the final arrival of the middle class, bringing the first professionals the judge, the physician, and the banker. Each incoming wave displaced the earlier: Whites displaced the Indians, who retreated westward; the civilized middle classes who erected schools, churches, and jails displaced the lower-class individualistic frontier folk, who moved further west, in turn displacing the Indians who had preceded them. Cooper evokes the endless, inevitable wave of settlers, seeing not only the gains but the losses. Coopers novels reveal a deep tension between the lone individual and society, nature and culture, spirituality and organized religion. In Cooper, the natural world and the Indian are fundamentally good as is the highly civilized realm associated with his most cultured characters. Intermediate characters are often suspect, especially greedy, poor white settlers who are too uneducated or unrefined to appreciate nature or culture. Like Rudyard Kipling, E. M. Forster, Herman Melville, and other sensitive observers of widely varied cultures interacting with each other, Cooper was a cultural relativist. He understood that no culture had a monopoly on virtue or refinement. Cooper accepted the American condition while Irving did not. Irving addressed the American setting as a European might have by importing and adapting European legends, culture, and history. Cooper took the process a step farther. He created American settings and new, distinctively American characters and themes. He was the first to sound the recurring tragic note in American fiction. WOMEN AND MINORITIES Although the colonial period produced several women writers of note, the revolutionary era did not further the work of women and minorities, despite the many schools, magazines, newspapers, and literary clubs that were springing up. Colonial women such as Anne Bradstreet, Anne Hutchinson, Ann Cotton, and Sarah Kemble Knight exerted considerable social and literary influence in spite of primitive conditions and dangers; of the 18 women who came to America on the ship Mayflower in 1620, only four survived the first year. When every able-bodied person counted and conditions were fluid, innate talent could find expression. But as cultural institutions became formalized in the new republic, women and minorities gradually were excluded from them. Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) Given the hardships of life in early America, it is ironic that some of the best poetry of the period was written by an exceptional slave woman. The first African-American author of importance in the United States, Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa and brought to Boston, Massachusetts, when she was about seven, where she was purchased by the pious and wealthy tailor John Wheatley to be a companion for his wife. The Wheatleys recognized Philliss remarkable inte.